The Great Gatsby And The Catcher In The Rye Analysis

The Great Gatsby is set in the 1920s while The Catcher in the Rye is set in the 1950s. Despite the time periods being 30 years apart, both novels depict the American Dream in similar ways through the protagonist. The Great Gatsby follows the story of young man, Jay Gatsby, trying to win back his former love interest, Daisy, through his acquisition of wealth. The Catcher in the Rye is narrated by a male teenager, Holden Caulfield, and follows the story of how he ended up in a mental hospital. The concept of the American Dream is displayed in each novel. The authors of The Great Gatsby and The Catcher in the Rye use the American Dream to motivate the protagonist to try and achieve unattainable dreams. However, only Holden realizes his dream†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘I think he [Gatsby] half expected her [Daisy] to wander into one of his parties, some night,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chapter 4). Yet, no matter what Gatsby does, his American Dream is unattainable, because Daisy ch ooses her husband, Tom Buchanan, over Gatsby. â€Å"Her [Daisy] frightened eyes told that whatever intentions, whatever courage, she had had, were definitely gone† (Chapter 7). The protagonist from The Great Gatsby desires something he cannot obtain, similar to the protagonist from The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield. Holden’s American Dream is to preserve children’s innocence, and this dream motivates Holden to rub out the curse words written on the walls of his little sister’s, Phoebe, school. In Chapter 25, the text states: Somebody’d written ‘Fuck you’ on the wall. It drove me damn near crazy. I thought how Phoebe and all the other little kids would see it, and how they’d wonder what the hell it meant, and then finally some dirty kid would tell them†¦.But I rubbed it out anyway, finally. This quote shows how Holden believes the curse word, fuck, will taint his sister and other childrens innocence. Holden describes their innocence as not knowing what the word means until another kid tells them what the curse word means, which signifies the tainting of their innocence. Holden does not want his sister and the other children to lose their innocence.This motivates Holden to rub out the â€Å"Fuck you† on the wall. Therefore, the kids will never see it and still retain theirShow MoreRelatedCatcher In The Rye And The Great Gatsby Analysis1122 Words   |  5 Pages The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald both have Characters who are phonies. Holden Caulfield complains about everyone and everything and he hides his real emotions so no one can see who he really is and get close to him. Jay Gatsby lies about his past to be with Daisy , leaving everyone in his past behind. Holden Caulfield is phonier than Jay Gatsby because he lies to people about his age to make it seem like hes older , he also lies to cover helpRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald3044 Words   |  13 Pagesof personal happiness and material comfort. The central theme of both ‘The Great Gatsby’, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and ‘The Catcher in the Rye’, by J.D Salinger, is American lifestyle and mind-set during a time of prosperity. Both texts suggest that changes to American culture causes disappointment as many spent their life searching for the false sense of perfection that the American dream offered. In ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ Holden Caulfield, a boy with extremely high standards finds society and AmericanRead MoreCharacters Of Different Literatures All Share The Same Ideal2090 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferent literatures all share the same ideal. Jay Gatsby, Willy Loman and Holden Caulfield animate in the past and share the different ideas of society. Although Gatsby and Loman fail to achieve the self-realization and ideals of the real world, Caulfield wants to protect children and keep them from seeing the ugliness of the world. The Great Gatsby is told by Nick Carraway, who narrates what he sees when he moves by his cousin Daisy and Gatsby. Gatsby attempts an unachievable goal which is winningRead More Censorship in the Classroom Essay2774 Words   |  12 PagesSteinbeck The Great Gilly Hopkins by Katherine Paterson The Figure in the Shadows by John Bellairs The Pigman by Paul Zindel POLITICS Anti American: The Girl Scout Handbook    Racist: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain My House by Nikki Giovanni    Written by a Russian: Crime and Punishment by Dostoevsky    Rebellion to Parental Authority: The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. SalingerRead MoreMedia Magic Making Class Invisible2198 Words   |  9 Pagesparents were not so successful and only made about minimum wage, that child did not achieve a much higher status than their parents did. This supports Mantsios statement that what class you are born into affects you throughout your while life. He does a great job at convincing you, because he shows you real lifestyles. In another article, (Media Magic- Making Class invisible), Mantsios also gives a strong argument with examples, about how the media portrays the poor. He argues that the media only portraysRead MoreHow To Write Literary Analysis4174 Words   |  17 PagesHow To Write Literary Analysis The Literary Essay: A Step-by-Step Guide When you read for pleasure, your only goal is enjoyment. You might find yourself reading to get caught up in an exciting story, to learn about an interesting time or place, or just to pass time. Maybe you’re looking for inspiration, guidance, or a reflection of your own life. There are as many different, valid ways of reading a book as there are books in the world. When you read a work of literature in an English class

Competition With Other Organisms A Biotic Factor That...

Competition with other organisms increases down the shore, and is a biotic factor that influences where the snakeskin chiton are distributed. The main reason for competition between organisms, is living space on rocks. Despite finding the radiate limpets in many of the same quadrats or zones of the rocky shore as the chiton, they both have different ecological niches meaning they are able to occupy the same zone and are not competing. I also found that the blue-banded periwinkle was located in a completely different zone to the chiton- the splash zone and occasionally the high tide. This means that the chiton is not in competition with that organism, so they do not affect each other, so therefore the chiton is able to thrive within its environment. Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion states that no two species can inhabit the same ecological niche permanently, meaning that one species population will thrive as the other decreases. Predation is another biotic factor th at influences the distribution of the chitons on the rocky shore. Predation from other organisms increases down the shore line, and is a reason why the chitons are found more in the upper intertidal, as the further you move down the shore line, the more predators there are. Organisms such as fish, whelks and sea stars can move up the shore to feed when the tide rises, but this is limited the higher up they go as the exposure to air increases, which these predators are not adapted to. This means that

Urban Regeneration of London Docklands †A sustainable success Free Essays

During the late 18th century and early 19th century the London Docklands were a very important industrial centre and the busiest port in the world. Right into the early part of the 20th century, the docks provided employment for thousands of dockers. Trade was focused around maritime activities, for example shipbuilding and the import of goods, such as tobacco and sugar, stored in large warehouses encircling the docks. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Regeneration of London Docklands – A sustainable success? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Traffic through the Royal Docks reached its peak in the 1950s and early 1960s. However after a turn of technological improvements, the docks became abandoned and derelict. The first change, in the 1950’s, was an increase in the size of ships. The ships were so big that trade had to be moved down river to Tilbury docks, which was next to the sea and not crowded by poor roads and a large city. Unemployment, few amenities and poor living conditions followed this in 1970. Other changes included a rise in air travel, competition from other ports and the need for more space. All these factors resulted in the closure of the London Docklands in 1981creating an area of derelict and unused space. The conditions for the locals in 1981 were very poor, there were a lot of high density housing – cheap, but small and old fashioned. Over half of the Docklands was derelict, vacant or under-used with empty factories and other buildings. There was virtually no open space and only a few small shops and leisure facilities. Transport was poorly developed and the narrow roads were congested with lorries. The unemployment rate was 17.8% and the population of the Docklands had fallen by 20%. Something needed to change, so in July 1981 the London Docklands Development Corporation was set up to improve the social, economic and environmental conditions of the area. The LDDC was an urban development corporation set up by an Act of Parliament it wanted to tackle the main problems of the area, and attract new people to live and work there. The LDDC wanted to undertake the issues of: * Transport * Utilities * The environment * Housing * Community infrastructure * Unemployment * Reclamation Example of Environmental Development Details Visual appearance * Refurbishment of docks allowing them public access. * Urban design, street furniture, public art. * Restoration of listed properties. * Reclamation of 7square km of derelict land. Environmental projects * Wildlife and nature parks created. * 160,000 trees planted. * 17 conservation areas. Example of Social Development Details Housing * 19,000 new homes built. * 2,000 new social housing units. * 770 council houses refurbished. Community infrastructure * 12 new primary schools. * 5 new health centres and 6 refurbished health centres. Utilities * Improvement in drainage. * Improvement in electricity supplies. Example of Economic Development Details Tourism * Increase in Tourism, with Docklands receiving 2.1 million visitors last year. Unemployment * Unemployment rates: 17.8% in 1981 and 7.2% in December 1997. * Population increased from 39,000 in 1981, to 68,000 in 1995. * 2,800 new jobs created. Transport à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½950million spent * New roads. * Docklands Light Railway. * London City Airport. * Pedestrian and cycle networks. Commercial Development * Many companies chose to move out and make the most of the cheap office rents and open space. * 16million mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of commercial development completed. * 11.2 million sq. ft of completed new office space. * à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.7 billion of public centre investment and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6.1 billion of private investment towards new businesses and office developments. * Large superstores and shopping complexes. However not every aspect of the regeneration was successful, some of the impacts that affected the local people and the area were not good ones: * The new jobs created did not solve unemployment as they were designed to attract rich, skilled workers, there were few jobs created for the unskilled inner city population. * Money was spent on expensive office blocks rather than local amenities and services. * Wealthy new people brought extra money and trade to the area, but this caused local shop prices to rise. * The new housing built is too expensive for the locals. This has lead to gentrification. * Poverty in social housing estates was outlined and inequality increased, when rich, skilled workers moved to the area. * The traditional ‘Eastenders’ community was destroyed by the changes. * Transport schemes were seen as inadequate, although there has been some improvement with the Jubilee line extension in the 1990’s, critics believe it should have been in place before. * The recession in the early 1990’s saw work stopping on Canary Wharf and a sharp increase in unemployed and homeless people. Physically and environmentally, the London Docklands regeneration has been a success, however socially it has been a failure, especially for lower social classes. A survey taken in 1996 showed that 22% of people thought that life had got worse as a result of the regeneration. However other factors and mainly the visual appearance of the Docklands is much better than it would have been had the regeneration not taken place. How to cite Urban Regeneration of London Docklands – A sustainable success?, Papers

Corporations Act 2001

Question: Describe about the Corporations Act 2001? Answer: Constitution means the internal rule of the company. Company is bound by its constitution. If it is mentioned that the existing members will given preferences then it is mandatory for the company. So director cannot take the decision with ultra vires to the constitution. Constitution has a contractual effect. So if it is mentioned in the constitution that A. Harris will remain sales manager for next 10 years then the company must comply with it. Otherwise it will be treated as breach of contract. It is clearly mentioned in the constitution of the company that the directors may force to transfer of the shares held by any member who is involved or concerned in a business which give competition to the business of the company or conflict with the in with the interest of the company. In such a case the shares will be transferred to the members nominated by directors and at a price determined by the directors. Brown is engaged with a business which conflicts with the interest of the company; directors can compel him to transfer his share. Brown can claim that clause 3 is invalid because constitution of a company is like a contract so as a member brown must know all rules written in constitution so he could not take this defense that clause 3 is void. Lollipop Pty Ltd co. is bound by the constitution. According to section 136 of Corporations Act 2001[1], a company is bound by the constitution unless otherwise it was amended by the special resolution. So here in the given context it is mentioned in the constitution that after years of work the art designer of the company will receive 30% of their annual salary. But constitution of the company is silent about the matter relating to profit or loss. So even if the company has not been making a profit for the last few years, Ryan can enforce his claim according to the Constitution of the company. Section 140 refers the provision of effect of constitution and replaceable rules. It clearly states that a companys constitution relate to the company as a legal contract between the company with its each members and directors. So it clearly shows that company and its members are bound by the constitution. Member of the company are the partners in case of profit or loss gained by the company. But if the constitution specifically mentioned that the art designer will get specific remuneration after a specific period of time then he is entitled to get otherwise it will be a breach of contract. 2 Gambotto v WCP Ltd[2] was one of the most contentious corporate law judgments in Australia. In this case, High Court of Australia dismissed an alteration to a constitution.The High Court found that where change in constitution affected a minority it was valid if it is for a proper by purpose and fair in all the circumstances. In this case the Court said altering constitution for tax benefit purposes was not a proper purpose and therefore the alteration was void. But this decision of the High court is criticized. The given case is also indicates the same scenario like the above mentioned case. In the given case Super Cup company has come to the notice of global coffee giant Starbucks. Starbucks acquired 85% shares of Super Cup in takeover action. After that Starbucks would like to acquire the outstanding 15% shares of Super Cup. But the outstanding shares are hold by Abe, Baker, and Charlie. The constitution of Super Cup does not permit for expropriation of member shares. So as a remedy Starbucks decides to gain these shares by a special resolution altering of the constitution. Starbucks wants to justify this alteration by claiming it will result in managerial savings and tax advantages for the company. Section 137 of Corporations Act 2001 clearly mentioned the procedure for alteration of constitution of a company. So the Starbuck can alter the constitution with proper procedure. If we take the decision of Gambotto case[3] then the alteration is inappropriate. But the decision of the case is criticized because is effects are mainly negative. So according to my point of view if the procedure is according to law then the Starbuck can change the constitution and expropriate the shares held by Abe, Baker and Charlie. Bibliography: Case law: Gambotto v WCP Ltd (1995) 182 CLR 432; 127 ALR 417; 16 ACSR 1; 13 ACLC 342 Statute: Corporations Act 2001, Act No. 50 of 2001 as amended Article: Ramsay, I. and Saunders, B., What Do You Do With a High Court Decision You Don't Like? Legislative, Judicial and Academic Responses to Gambotto v. WCP Ltd. SSRN Journal. [1] Corporations Act 2001, Act No. 50 of 2001 as amended [2] Gambotto v WCP Ltd (1995) 182 CLR 432; 127 ALR 417; 16 ACSR 1; 13 ACLC 342 [3] Gambotto v WCP Ltd (1995) 182 CLR 432; 127 ALR 417; 16 ACSR 1; 13 ACLC 342

Selecting Patient Escorts Essay Example

Selecting Patient Escorts Essay City Hospital is located in the heart of a large midwestern city. It is one of major hospitals in the area and has recenfly built a small addition for treafing well—known patients, such as professional football players, top company execufives, and singing stars. Visiting or local celebrities always choose City Hospital if they need treatment. City Hospital has about 1,200 hospital beds and employs 4,500 individuals, including about 40 patient escorts. The job of patient escort is a rather simple one, requiring only minimal training and no special physical talents. When patients need to be moved from one location to another, patient escorts are summoned to assist in the move. If the move is only a short distance, however, a nurse or orderlycan move the patient. Of particular importance is the fact that patient escorts almost always take patients who are being discharged from their hospital room to the front door of the hospital. A wheelchair is always used, even if the patient is able to walk unassisted. Thus, the typical procedure is for the nurse to call for a patient escort. The escort then gets a Wheelchair and goes to the patient’s room, assists the patient into the wheelchair, picks up the pauent’s belongings, wheels the patient down to the hospital’s front door or to his or her car in the parking lot, and retnrns to the work station. The job of patient escort is critical to the hospital since the escort is always the last hospital representative the patient sees, and hence has a considerable influence on the patient’s final perception of the hospital. Of approximately 40 escorts, about three—fourths are men and one—fourth are women. We will write a custom essay sample on Selecting Patient Escorts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Selecting Patient Escorts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Selecting Patient Escorts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most are high school graduates in their early twenties. Some, particularly those on the early morning shift, are attending college at night and working for the hospital to earn money to pay college expenses. Pour of the escorts are older women who had previously served as hospital volunteers and then decided to become full—time employees instead. Turnover among patient escorts is quite high and has averaged 25 percent in recent years. In addition, upward mobihty in the hospital is quite good, and as a result, another 25 percent of the escorts transfer to other jobs in the hospital each year. Thus, about half of the patient escorts need to be replaced The hospital a standard procedure When hiring patient escorts. When a vacancy occurs, the human resource department reviews the file of applications of individuals who have appfied for the patient escort job. Usually the file contains at least 20 applications because the pay for the job is good, the work is undemanding, and few ski]ls are required. The top two or three applicants are asked to come to the hospital for interviews. Typicafly, the apphcan’ts are interviewed by the human resource department and then by the patient escort superviser. The majority of those interviewed know some other employees of the hospital, so the only reference check is a call to these employees. Before being hired, apphcants are required to take physical exams given by hospital doctors. Every new escor’t attends an orientation program the day on the job. This is conducted by a member of the hospital’s human resource department. The program consists of a complete tour of the hospital; a review of all the hospital’s HR policies, including a description of its promotion, compensation, and disciplinary policies; and a presentation of the hospital’s mission and phflosophy. During this orientation session, employees are told that the hospital’s image in the community is of major importance and that all employees should strive to maintain and enhance this image through their conduct. After orientation, all patient escorts receive on-the-job training by their immediate superviser. During the last two years, the hospital has experienced a number of problems with patient escorts, which have had an adverse effect on the hospital’s image. Several patients have complained to the hospital administration that they were treated rudely, or in some cases roughly, by one or more patient escorts. Some complained that they were ordered around or scolded by an escort during the discharge process. Others stated that their escorts were careless when wheehng them out of the hospital to their cars. One person reported that an escort carelessly tipped him over. AH escorts are required to wear identification tags, but patients usually cannot remember the escort’s name when lodging a complaint to the hospital. Additionafly, the hospital has difficulty determining which escort served which patient because escorts often trade patients. even when the hospital can identify the offending escort, the employee can easily deny any wrongdoing. He or she counters that patients are generally irritable as a result of their illness and, hence, are proue to complain at even the slightest provocation. At the hospital admhfistrator’s request, the human resource manager asked the chief supervisor patient escorts, the head of the staffing section within the human resource depaflment, and the assistant human resource director to meet with her to review the entire procedure used to select patient escorts. It was hoped that a new procedure could be devised that would efiminate the hiring of rude, insulting, or careless patient escorts. During the meeting, a number of suggestions were made as to how the selection procedure might be improved. Criticisms of the present system were also voiced. The chief superviser of patient escorts argued that the problem with the hospital’s present system is that the application form is void of any useful information. He stated that the questions that really give insights into the employee’s personality are no longer on the application form. He suggested that applicants be asked about their hobbies, outside activiues, and their personal likes and dislikes on the application form. He also suggested that each applicant be asked to submit three letters of recommendation from people who know the applicant well. He wanted these letters t0 focus on the prospective employee’s personality, particularly the applicant’s to remain friendly and polite at all times. The assistant human resource director contended that the hospital’s interviewing proce— dure should be modified. He observed that, during the typical interview, little attempt is made to determine how the apphcant reacts under stress. He suggested that if applicants were asked four or stress-producing questions, the hospital might be in a better position to judge their ability to work with irritable patients. The head of the staffing section noted that patient escorts require little mental or physical talent and agreed that the crucial attributeescorts need is the ability to always be courteous and polite. He wondered whether an attitude test could be developed that would measure the apphcant’s predisposition toward being friendly, helpful, sensitive, and so on. He suggested that a job analysis could be donc on the patient escort position to determine those attitudes that are critical to being a successful patient escort. When the job analysis was complote, questions could be developed that would measure these critical attributes. The test questions could be given to the hospital’s present patient escorts to determine whether the test accurately distinguishes the best escorts from the worst. The head of the staffing section reahzed that many of the questions might need to be eliminated or changed, and if the test appeared  to show promise, it would probably need to be revaudated in order to meet govemment requirements. He felt, however, that a Wefl—designed test might be worth the effort and should at least be considered. The meeting ended with all four participants agreeing that the suggestion of trying to develop an attitude test was probably the most promising. The assistant human resource director and chief superviser of patient escorts stated that they would conduct a thorough job analysis covering the patient escort position and develop a list of attitudes that are critical to its success. A second meeting would then be scheduled to prepare the actual test questions. QUESTIONS Critique each of the alternative approaches suggested for solving the problem of selecting patient escorts at City Hospital. Recommend a procedure for recruiting and hiring patient escorts. Besides improving its selection procedures, What other actions could the hospital potentially take to improve the behavior of the patient escorts?

Story Structure Three Models For Your Book

Story Structure Three Models For Your Book Story Structure: Three Models for Your Book Nothing makes the challenging task of writing a novel feel more attainable than adopting a story structure to help you plot out your narrative.While using a pre-existing blueprint might make authors worry they’ll end up with a formulaic, predictable story, you’ll find that most of your favorite books can be grouped into various narrative structures that writers have been using for decades.In this post, we’ll cover three story structures you can use to bring your own novel idea to fruition. Three narrative structures you can use to bring your own novel idea to fruition. What is narrative structure?Narrative structure is composed of two things: story and plot. Whereas the  plot  is a chain of events that dictate a book,  the  story  refers to the underlying factors that drive the dramatic action. Story, then, would encapsulate the protagonists,  key conflicts, and setting of the book. Meanwhile, plot would indicate the connected plot points that make up the narrative at hand.The importance of narrative structure is in its name. If a story didn't have structure, then it would be a formless blot without a clear beginning, middle, and end. It's story structure that lends definition and comprehensibility to a narrative - which is paramount to holding a reader's attention throughout a story. We covered three popular narrative structures in our series on story structure. To explore those particular story structures further, simply head below:the Three-Act Story Structurethe Hero’s Journey (otherwise known as Joseph Campbell's Monomyth)Dan Harmon’s Story Circle A slightly less detailed adaptation of The Hero’s Journey, the Seven-Point Story Structure focuses specifically on the highs and lows of a narrative arc. The Seven-Point Story Structure is made up of:The HookPlot Point 1Pinch Point 1MidpointPinch Point 2Plot Point 2ResolutionAccording to the  Seven-Point Story Structure-creator, author Dan Wells, writers are encouraged to start at the end, with the resolution. You should have an idea of what the final state for your protagonist/plot will look like. Once you’ve got that determined, go back to the starting point - the hook - and have your protagonist/plot begin in a state that contrasts the final one. From there, fill in the rest of the five plot points to flesh out how the protagonist/plot gets from that first state to the final one.Let’s elaborate on this narrative structure using Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone as example.The HookThe start of the seven-point narrative structure is meant to dr aw readers in by explaining the protagonist’s current situation. Their state of being at the beginning of the novel should be in direct contrast to what it will be at the end of the novel.Example: The novel starts out with Harry living a neglected life in the cupboard under the stairs of his Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon’s home.Plot Point 1Whether it’s a person, an idea, an inciting incident, or something else - there should be a "Call to Adventure" that sets the narrative and character development in motion.Example: Hagrid arrives to tell Harry that he’s a wizard. With Hagrid, Harry escapes the Dursley’s and head off to Diagon Alley to prepare for his new life as a wizard-in-training.Pinch Point 1Things can’t be all sunshine and roses for your protagonist. Something should go wrong here that applies pressure on the main character, forcing them to step up and solve the problem.Example: A troll is found in Hogwarts on Halloween. Harry and Ro n go to find Hermione who is unaware of the troll. They end up luring it into and locking the troll in the girl’s bathroom - without realizing that’s exactly where Hermione is. Together, they take down the troll.MidpointA more apt name for this part might be â€Å"Turning Point† - as it doesn’t technically need to fall in the middle. But it does need to include the main character changing from a passive force to an active force in the novel. Whatever the narrative’s main conflict is, the protagonist decides to start meeting it head-on here.Example: Harry, Ron, and Hermione learn about the Philosopher’s Stone, and realize it’s being kept guard in Hogwarts. They also learn that Voldemort is after the stone and decide they must find it before he does.Pinch Point 2Not again! The second pinch point involves another hit to the protagonist - things go even more awry than they did during the first pinch point. Also called the â€Å"Dark N ight of the Soul,† this might involve the passing of a mentor, the failure of a plan, the reveal of a traitor, etc.Example: The trio journey through the magical protections set in place to protect the stone. Harry loses Ron and Hermione on the way, leaving him to confront Voldemort on his own.Plot Point 2Phew! After the calamity the protagonist undergoes in the Pinch Point 2, they learn that they’ve actually had the key to solving the conflict the whole time.Example: At the height of the story’s primary conflict, Harry looks in the Mirror of Erised. Because his intentions for finding the stone are pure, the stone appears in his pocket and he learns that if Voldemort touches Harry, it will harm the dark wizard and not himself.ResolutionThe story’s primary conflict is resolved - and the character goes through the final bit of development necessary to transform them from who they were at the start of the novel.Example: Armed with the discoveries the Mirror o f Erised gave to Harry, he defeats Voldemort. The seven-point narrative structure is all about the highs and lows of the narrative arc. We've said it before and we'll say it again: story structures aren't an exact science and you should feel welcome to stray from the path they present. They're simply there to help you find your narrative's footing - a blueprint for the world you're about to start building.

Constitution and Criminal law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Constitution and Criminal law - Term Paper Example ffer between societies the general consensus is such: â€Å"An act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law†(Merriam-Webster 2011). Based on this definition, the US Constitution has set up rights and punishments for those who commit crimes against the person including murder and other violent crimes. Although some will argue the treatment of criminals is morally unjust, those whose commit crimes against the person maintain their constitutional rights before and after arrest. The word crime derives from the Latin word crÄ «men which meant â€Å"charge† or "cry of distress† which came from the Ancient Greek word krima (ÃŽ ºÃ ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±), which described an intellectual mistake or an offense against the community (Harper 2010). Today, the definition of crime differs between societies. In fact, several sociologist and criminologist believe that crime is a social creation in itself. Entry into the penal system usually revolves around the process of neutralization and broken or unformed social bonds. Hirschi theory of social bond help explains why individuals turn toward antisocial behaviors. According to Hirschi an effective social bond shields a person from the temptation of criminal behavior. A successful bond includes attachment, or feeling cared for; commitment, or investing in one’s reputation; conviction or believing in shared moral standards; and involvement or engagement in an enjoyable activity (Hirschi 1969). Criminal behav ior is further encouraged by neutralization. According to drift theory by Gresham Sykes and David Matza, individuals can drift away from pro-social behaviors through techniques of neutralization. These techniques essentially justify criminal and antisocial behavior. Techniques included blaming the victim, considering him/her as less than human, and, therefore, deserving of the violence; denying that harm was

Leadership chapter's summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership chapter's summery - Essay Example This tool is used by leader as they know convincing and giving promises is an easy way to get hold of the follower’s attention. Some leaders also use metaphors when they find themselves in situation where they may have been forced to over react. Fairhurst gave vocabularies being used as successful in language and is quoted on page 45 line 5 listing vocabularies as â€Å"facilitation, Care and understanding†. Chapter 5 in this books talks mainly about the tools which can be used in skills of framing leadership. These are tools which are intended to assist the leaders in their framework section of leadership (Sar & Fairhurst, 1996). One most important tool mentioned here is emotion. The authors state that emotion can be handled or passed through in a much descent and intelligent manner, but not making it so obvious. The way this has been brought out in the book is meant to give the understanding that even leaders are human but will not be proper for them to expose their negative reactions yet they expect the people depending on their leadership to trust them. In conclusion, Leaders are gifted with some kind of power and must have willingness to give and not to gain (Sar & Fairhurst, 1996). Their gaining may come along not because they worked with the aim of achieving it but what they may gladly want to see a successful and fruitful

The confidence of saudi consumer in the seasonal sale of the Literature review

The confidence of saudi consumer in the seasonal sale of the international brands - Literature review Example Secondary research was chosen as the method of research for this study. This involves using qualitative and quantitative data that has been gathered by other individuals for different purposes. This will be collected through examining the literature surrounding Saudi consumers, international brands and seasonal sales in detail, collating the information and using statistical analysis to look for patterns and trends. There are a number of advantages to secondary research. Firstly, it is cheaper and less time consuming than primary research. This is because the information has already been collected, it is a matter of finding, collating, interpreting and analysing it. Because of this, a larger data set can be examined than is able to be through primary research. Secondary, sometimes secondary research can give more accurate data than can be obtained through primary research. This is because a large amount of data is being collated, which gives a clearer picture than little data, and there may be government surveys or censuses that reach a large number of people that can be taken advantage of. However, it is important to take the original source and context of the data into account wherever possible to prevent accuracy being compromised. The disadvantages of secondary research are that the questions asked in the original research may not correspond to the questions that are being asked through secondary research.... dary research are that the questions asked in the original research may not correspond to the questions that are being asked through secondary research. This can make the results not relevant for the current question, or biased towards one particular part of the population. This problem is amplified by the fact that the context of the primary data is sometimes unavailable. This study has attempted to avoid this problem by incorporating data from a wide range of different sources, aiming for sufficient replication to avoid any bias from one or a few studies. One primary method of research that could be used for this study would be the questionnaires to directly determine the opinions of the consumer population. Questionnaires are a good method of primary data gathering, as they enable sampling of a wide range of people and do not intrude on the population . For this study in particular, there was difficulty obtaining permission to conduct either internet based, or mail based surveys o f the consumer population of Saudi Arabia, and there was concerns that not all of the survey responses would be legitimate, as the culture of Saudi Arabia is very private and the country has strict religious rules . For this reason, and the advantages cited above, secondary research was chosen as the method of data collection for this study. Finding Secondary Sources Once the focus of study and the questions being asked has been determined, the next step in secondary research is to find and collate data. A large amount of data is needed, and generally speaking, the more data is analysed, the more realistic the results will be. For this study secondary sources will be found primarily through the use of internet based search engines, primarily focusing on peer-reviewed items, as these are on

Essay On Parliamentary Sovereignty

Essay On Parliamentary Sovereignty Tesco was founded in 1924 by John Edward Cohen in the East End of London. The name Tesco, was first used on tea, and was derived from the initials of Cohens tea supplier, T E Stockwell, combined with the first two letters of Cohen. Tesco Stores Limited was incorporated in 1932. In 1935, Jack Cohen visited the U S A and was impressed by the supermarkets self-service system which enabled more people to be served faster, with lower labour costs. In 1947, the Tesco branch in St Albans, a small shop by 21st century standards (200 square metres) was the first Tesco to be converted to self service, although it didnt immediately catch the publics imagination. See appendix 1 for details. Tescos Mission Statement Tescos mission statement is to Retain Loyal People. To make sure Tesco achieve their mission statement, they need to know who their loyal customers are. That is why Tesco has got a club card service, through which they can award people by giving them special vouchers and extra points. Vision A business aim is an organisations long-term goal. In 2005, the two core values of Tesco are: No-one tries harder for customers and Treat people as we like to be treated. In 2006, Tescos mission and vision shows that this company is really for quality service and values their customers:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be the leader in Quality Service provided to everyone in the retailing industry  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understand the needs of their client and respond with urgency.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meet customers demands and exceeds their expectations  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintain highly trained and motivated employees.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Continuously improve their skills, service and achieve excellence in all of the companys endeavours. Objective Objectives are goals that a firm sets itself for the next three or five years. They have a timescale, they must be measurable and they must contribute to the business achieving its aims. The core objective of Tesco is to establish value for customers in order to gain their lifetime loyalty.  Tescos success depends on their valued customers. These customers shop and work with the company. Tescos principle is, if the customer likes what they offer, surely these people will come back and purchase again. Industry Stage Life Cycle The stage life cycle of the retail industry is no doubt to be mature  because of the profits they are gaining every year. The retail industrys profit is increasing and profiting from their cash cows. Tesco is the largest UK retailer and the 3rd largest global retailer. Tesco controlled 30.8% of the UK grocery market as of May 2009 and ~9% of the UK non-food retail market. The majority of its sales and profits are generated in its 2,282 UK stores, which are segmented into the following formats: Tesco Express neighbourhood convenience store that focuses on fresh products, 961 stores Tesco Metro city centre convenience store,174 stores Tesco Superstore conventional supermarket, 448 stores Tesco Extra hypermarket that serves an entire community, 177 stores Tesco Homeplus and One-Stop account for its remaining stores The company also sells general merchandise through Tesco Direct, its online and catalogue businesses. Tescos management focuses on customer satisfaction by giving customers more choices where to shop and by offering them attractive prices on its products. In the fourth quarter of 2008, Tesco began selling new discount range of products to compete more aggressively on price against discounters. Its prices are generally perceived to be at a small premium to Asda and a small discount to Sainsbury and Morrison. Tescos primary supermarket competitors in the UK include Asda (17.3% share of UK grocery market), Sainsbury (16.3% share), WM Morrison Supermarkets (11.2% share), Waitrose (3.7% share), Aldi (2.9% share) and Lidl (2.3% share). In recent years, some of its major competitors have turned around their struggling stores, which will make it more challenging for Tesco to gain significant share in the UK market going forward. Tesco uses its customer information to target and segment communications to the millions of its loyalty program members by almost infinite demographic, purchase, and lifestyle profiles. Several hundred million in-store purchases per day are being tracked by the loyalty-card program. The company developed 5,000 customer needs segments, with each segment receiving personalized coupons. Source: www.tesco.com Income Statement Summary Sources: Companies, www.DeutscheBank.com Tescos UK sales grew 4.3% last year (3% ex gasoline) and its net new stores contributed 2.7% to growth. Its UK sales also benefited from a 53rd week that represented 2.1% of sales and the first time contribution from the consolidation of Tesco Personal Finance. International sales grew 30.6% (including FX benefits) and 13.6% at constant exchange rates benefiting from square footage growth and strong sales growth in Asia. The companys operating margin was flat at 5.9% in fiscal 2009 as unfavourable sales mix was offset by increased productivity and good expense control. Its EPS growth was only 2.6% last year, hurt by 26.7% tax rate vs. 24% in fiscal 2008 when it benefited from tax reimbursement and lower UK corporate tax rate. Introduction: The organisations of choice are within the Retails sector TESCO and ASDA as the elective firm both are UK based companies. 1.1 Tesco objectives blend in with each other All of Tescos objectives blend in with each other. None of the objectives will work without each other. For example; the business will not have any customers if the business is not operating well. Share holders will not invest money in the business, if the business hasnt got any customers. The company will not be able to afford to have any employees working for them if they havent got money being invested in the business. 1.2. Stakeholders Tesco Stakeholders are a certain group of people that have an interest in Tesco group businesses. Each group have their own interests in the business. The service-profit chain attempts to show the interrelationship of a companys internal and external communities, stakeholders and highlights how customer loyalty that translates into revenue growth and profits might be achieved; developed by Heskett et al. (1994). It does this by establishing relationships between profitability, customer loyalty, stakeholders and employees satisfaction. Tesco has many stakeholders. They are as follows: * Shareholders * Customers * Employees * Government and Non-Governmental * Local Community * Suppliers * Financials * Pressure Groups Customers: Generally a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a variety of products to choose from. All customers want these things and by Tesco providing them Tesco will attract more customers because of people talking about it (Word-of-Mouth). Tesco like most business need their customers because they are the business income as the customers are the people who buy Tescos products. Tesco staffs hear customers views on everything from how we are serving them in our stores to our role in the community. The customers are a bit like a pressure group because they apply pressure to Tesco to meet their needs. Meeting the customers needs can be things such as expanding their stores. Staff Tesco employees give management their feedback through the Viewpoint staff survey, Staff Question Time sessions and Tesco Staff Forum process. Suppliers Tesco group core value is treat people how we like to be treated, and its something Tesco organisation applied firmly to enhance their suppliers relationships. Investors Capital Investor Relations team regularly meet analysts from the financial institutions which invest in Tesco group or represent their shareholders. All the above defined stakeholders are Tesco group influencers. They affect the outcome of the decision making process through their influence on others. Influence could stem formally from expertise, such as the advice of an accountant on return on investment. 2. Nature of the Retail (Tesco) Marketing Environment The definition that the module assignment work with is that Tesco organisations marketing environment is made up of those forces that lie outside the Tesco group organisation and that exert some degree of influence upon the ways in which marketing management develops relationship with the firms target markets. Two distinct components within Tesco environment are: Micro-environment and the macro-environment. See figure 1 below. Social and cultural factors Legislation Economic Factor Political Issues Technological changes Supply chain Customers Competitors Suppliers Distributors The Tesco Organisation Figure 1. The Tesco Organisations marketing environment It is recognised that regardless of which approach Tesco group adopts; the environment is a significant determinant both of strategy and organisational performance. Baker (1985, pg. 85) described it as the ultimate constraint upon the firms strategy; Drucker (1969), referred to the environment of the 1960 and 1970s as age of discontinuity; and Toffler (1970, pg. 28), who look ahead, referred to it as a time of future shock. 2.1. MARKETING AUDIT The marketing audit is really the launching pad for the Tesco marking plan, because it encourages Tesco management to reflect systematically on the environment and the organisations ability to respond, given its actual and planned capabilities. Similar to financial audit, marketing audit is first and critical about developing a shared, agreed and objective understanding of Tesco organisation. The audit is has suggested by McDonald (1995, p.28): The means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weakness as they relate to external opportunities and threats; It is thus a way of helping management to select a position in that environment based on known factors. Three major elements and potential benefits of the marketing audit can be seen to be: The detailed analysis of the external environment and internal situation The objective evaluation of past performance and present activities. The clearer identification of future opportunities and threats. These three above factors can be viewed against the background of comments made by Ansoff (1968 1984), who has suggested that irrespective of the size of the organisation, corporate decisions have to be made within the constraint of a limited total resource. Marketing audit have a place the overall management audit that incorporate financial audit together with audits of other functional areas as illustrated in figure 2 below. Marketing audit in terms of structure consists of three major and detailed diagnostic steps. That involved a review of: Tesco organisations environment (opportunities and threats) designed to establish the various dimensions of the marketing environment, change and probable impact of these change upon the organisation; its marketing systems (strengths and weakness) an assessment of the extent to which Tescos marketing systems are capable of dealing with the demands of the environment and its marketing activities review of the individual components of the marketing mix. There are the environmental variables and operational variables with distinction in terms of the macro-environmental forces (political / legal, economic / demographic, social / cultural, and technological) that affect the business. Micro-environmental actors (customers, competitors, distributors and suppliers) who subsequently influence Tesco organisations ability to operate profitably in the market-place Macro environment is the most general external audit of the environment, that consist of broad environmental factors, aimed at identifying key variable that offer actionable responses that would benefit Tesco and threats that must be avoided. These key external forces can be divided into five broad categories. Economic forces Social, Cultural, Demographic and Environmental forces Political, Governmental and Legal forces Technological forces Competitive Force Financial audit Personnel audit Production audit The Management audit Marketing audit EXTERNAL (Opportunities and threats) Macro The business and economic environments (political, economic, social/cultural, technological, legal and environmental factors PESTLE) Market Competition INTERNAL (Strengths and weaknesses) Micro Organisational performance and structure Operations and resources Marketing objectives Marketing strategy Information systems Planning systems Control systems Functional efficiency Inter-functional efficiency Profitability analysis Cost-effective analysis Figure 2. The place of the marketing audit in the overall management audit 2.2. SWOT Analysis The strengths and weaknesses of a SWOT analysis focus on the current market position of Tesco in retails business in relation to its: Customers is the business meeting the needs of its target markets Competitors- is the business offering a better way of meeting customer needs compared with its competitors Internal resources- is the business making effective use of its internal resources to meet customer needs and deal with competition The opportunities and threats of a SWOT analysis focus on the future market position of Tesco in retails business. Tesco organisation used their strengths and limits the weaknesses to plan for future development, marketing strategies and activities. Tescos opportunities and threats grew out of objectives, consideration of the real strengths and weaknesses of their business. Specific information were collated (such as data captured and analysed from CRM programs) before the process begins and personnel working to a joint solutions, adopted a truly objective positioning for the processes to be successful and worthwhile. 2.2.1. The main purpose of a SWOT analysis: Identify market opportunities To avoid complacency about market position a self evaluating organization As a safety check before embarking on major new project As a response to change change of director might initiate a SWOT analysis to gauge the strength of the team. There is no set procedure for carrying out a SWOT analysis but care must be taken to identify weaknesses if the process is to serve its purpose. A weakness may purely be lack of information, or lack of suitably qualified staff. SWOT analysis of TESCO Strengths Weaknesses To provide high level customer service Presence in multiple retail markets For Tesco to create unique products Increasing market share Wide knowledge of retail industry Competent top management and rank file for operation and maintenance Existing customer base Financial investment backing. Strong IT returns through internet shopping Good advertising Used iconic models to attract core target group. Tesco Online Brand value Insurance Secured commercial standing within the global market place winning Retailer of the Year 2008 at the World Retail Awards. This can be used for marketing campaigns to drive advantage towards the demographic base for future growth and sustainability Product diversification home and furniture Turnaround in sales and growth As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. In an environment where global retail sales are showing decline or level performance on a like for like basis TESCO Group have published sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets. As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. Tescos position as a price leader in UK markets can lead to reduced profit margins in order to retain the key price points on must have commercial items. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalised on by other smaller bespoke retailers. Low supervision on international market Considerably late exploitation of the Internet. Whilst current economic conditions suggest Tescos key value message will succeed there is a weakness in non-essential, mid to high ticket price items which will suffer from the rising cost of living and lower disposable incomes. Reliance upon the UK market Comparing Tesco with British Airways might get you thinking about how dependent Tesco is on the UK market (73.8% of 2003 revenues.) Comparing Tesco with Amazon might reveal flaws in its attempts to move into new markets. TESCO Finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalised on by other smaller bespoke retailers Opportunities Threats Statistics suggest TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale. Further international growth Expansion of target market Healthy market environment Increasing detraction of small retail businesses in UK Use younger more contemporary models to attract younger generation. The acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow International markets for the group. The development of Tesco Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for larger non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sales and margin per foot return to space. TESCO mobile have grown  ¼ million customers in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed. Tesco Homeplus stores offer all of Tescos ranges except food in warehouse-style units in retail parks. Introducing wider ranges such as Tesco (Value, Brand, Finest, Wholefoods, Bakery Kids), Healthy Living, Organic, Best Of British, World Foods, Cherokee, Free From, Tesco Christmas, Tescos own clothing label F+F to mention few Other services e.g. banking, insurance, savings to mention few. UK structural change could spark a price war Rising raw material costs from both food and non food will impact profit margins overall International expansion Economic restructuring Intensified competition Government regulation UK and American markets have been affected by economic concerns through the credit crunch. Lower available income will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Sourcing changes to Far East locations with regards exporting restrictions on some non food product areas will reduce margin rates on products with already low margins. Changes to consumer buying behaviours require further analysis as technology develops consumer buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation. For TESCO there is a persistent threat of takeover from the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and motive to pursue such action. Lower available income will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Overconfident of Tesco management Figure. 3. Tesco Micro and Macro-Environmental SWOT analysis 3. Tescos Strategic Options 3.1. Generic Strategies Generic Strategies are characterised by an individual retailers response to the industry structure. For a giant retailer, such as Tesco, to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage they may have followed either one of three generic strategies, developed by Porter (1985). The first strategy of cost leadership is one in which Tesco can strive to have the lowest costs in the industry and offer its products and services to a broad market at the lowest prices. This strategy will be based on the Tescos ability to control their operating costs so well that they are able to price their products competitively and be able to generate high profit margins, thus having a significant competitive advantage. Tesco used another strategy of differentiation that it has to try to offer services and products with unique features that customers value; Tesco was able to create brand loyalty for their offerings, and thus, price inelasticity on the part of buyers. Tescos breadths of product offerings, technology, special features, or customer service are popular approaches to differentiation The last strategy of focus can be either a cost leadership or differentiation strategy aimed toward a narrow, focused market. In pursuing a cost leadership strategy Tesco focuses on the creation of internal efficiencies that will help them withstand external pressures. Therefore, it appears reasonable to think that Tesco will have frequent interactions with the governmental/regulatory and supplier sectors of the environment. In accordance to this framework, while both overall cost leadership and differentiation strategies are aimed at the broad market, Tesco may also choose to confine their product to specific market areas or may choose to offer a smaller line of products to the broad market, thus pursuing a strategy of focus or niche (Porter, 1980). In other words, Tesco pursues a strategy of cost leadership or differentiation either in a specific market or with specific products. 3.2. Core Competence and Corporate strategy Superior performance, according to Johnson and Scholes (2003), has to be determined by the way in which companys resources are deployed to create competence in the organisational activities. Core competencies are activities or processes that critically underpin the companys competitive advantage. Core competences may be embedded deep in Tesco at an operational level in the work routines. The framework developed by Prahalad and Hamel in the 1990s suggests that over time companies may develop key areas of expertise which are distinctive to that company and critical to the companys long term growth (Drejer, 2000; De Toni, and Tonchia, 2003). In the case of Tesco the areas of expertise are most likely to develop in the critical, central areas of the organisation where the most value is added to its service and its delivery The phrase used by Tesco to describe its aspiration to appeal to upper, medium and low income customers is inclusive offer in the same stores. Tesco pulled off an idea that other retailers were not aware. That appealed to all segments of the market. One plank of this inclusively has been Tescos use of its own-brand products, including the upmarket Finest and low-price Value. Tesco implemented CRM programme launched the Clubcard rewards program to gather necessary customer information, which it then used to cater to specific customer needs and potential wants. When shoppers signed up for the card, they automatically submitted their age, gender, and income. Tesco was able to segment their shoppers based on these factors. As soon as the shopper used the card when shopping online or in-store, purchased product information was automatically uploaded into Tesco database. Product information was used to cross-sell additional products and services such as grocery delivery services. Beginning in 1997 when Terry Leahy took over as CEO, Tesco began marketing itself using the phrase The Tesco Way to describe the companys core purposes, values, principles, and goals This phrase became the standard marketing speak for Tesco as it expanded domestically and internationally under Leahys leadership, implying a shift by the company to focus on people, both customers and employees. 3.3. Partnership with Tesco Tesco respond to changes in marketing by partnering with other businesses; Tesco then added a travel service through a partnership with Lunn Poly, giving discounts off high-street prices. It also combined its card with Visa through the Royal Bank of Scotland, and offered discounts on DIY goods through well-known home improvement chain BQ. In 1997 it added a full range of financial services, and the Tesco Direct service. Adding value was mandatory to these functional items so, for example, expectant mothers were given priority parking outside the store, changing facilities, and personal shopping assistants to help them. In 1998, after the U.K.s deregulation of utilities, Tesco began to offer electricity and telecommunications products and services. Also in that year, clothing was added to the range through Next. By this time, Tesco had identified 108 customer market segments. This year, 2000, a joint undertaking with General Motors allows customers to buy cars from Tesco. 3.4. Enhancing Quality Everyday, top managers of Tesco stores gather for an hour-and-a-half customer advocacy meeting to pore over that weeks performance statistics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a strategy which is concerned with changing the fundamental beliefs, values and culture of an organisation, harnessing the enthusiasm and participation of everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.towards an overall idea of right first time by Atkinson and Naden (1989, pg 6). What makes this unusual is that every performance measure under scrutiny relates to customer satisfaction, and this meeting is the most important one on the corporate schedule. See Appendix 2 for On-Time-Delivery Tesco competitive strategy. 4. Industry Attractiveness   Inherent within the notion of strategy is the issue of competitiveness, analyzing industry attractiveness, and Porters (1979) five forces model is used. The attractiveness of the retail industry depends on the situation of competition. The competition in the retail industry is based on its economic structure Porters Five Forces Model implies that business are being influenced by five forces namely supplier power, threat of substitutes, buyer power, barriers to entry and rivalry. This model also implies that business must be able to understand the industry context in which they operate. 4.1. Porter five forces analysis: A Porters five forces analysis can complement other techniques, like a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis focuses on the company, while a Porters five forces analysis looks at the external factors impacting on a company Porters five forces framework as shown in figure 4, helps identify the sources of competition in the retail sector, and as a way of assessing the attractiveness that profit Tescos retails market. The underlying force in the macro-environment driven competitive forces are:- The bargaining power of supplier The bargaining power of buyers The threat of potential new entrants The threat of substitutes The extent of competitive rivalry The above five forces are not independent of each other, connection between competitive forces and the key driver in macro-environment is essential. Pressures from one direction can trigger off changes in another in a dynamic process of shifting sources of competition. Industry Competitors Rivalry among Existing firms Potential Entrants Buyers Suppliers Substitutes Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of buyers Threat of substitude products or services Threat of new entrants Figure 4, Porters Five Forces Model The objectives of such an analysis investigated how Tesco organisation formed its strategy in other to develop opportunities and protect itself against competition and other threats. This must be done in order to better design the strategy that the business will use to be able to compete with rivals within the same industry. It is important for businesses to determine the level of competition present within the industry. This will allow them to address potential risks before they even strike. 4.2. Cost advantage and differentiation According to Baker (1985), a business positions itself based on its strengths and strength are categorized into two cost advantage and differentiation. Furthermore, when these strengths are applied in either a narrow or a broad sense, it will result to three generic strategies focus, differentiation and cost leadership strategy. Cost leadership strategy means that the company is the low cost producer or provider of a certain quality item in a given industry. This kind of strategy is being implemented for two reasons and achieved through two ways. The first method and reason is to sale items at average industry price so that the company will be able to be more profitable compared to rivals. The second method and reason is to sale the products at below average industry price in order to gain market share. According to Baker (1985), a company that has the ability to produce or offer less costly products will be able to remain profitable for a longer period. It is important to note that this strategy targets a broad market. 4.3. BCG Matrix Tesco can be considered as a cash cow because it distributes quality and extra services to its consumers and equipped with new innovative products and services in United Kingdom. At the same time the company can also be considered as Stars because they put a lot of efforts to increase the awareness of their consumers to the benefits of e-commerce and retailing 5. Market Objectives and Strategies Implementation Strategy frameworks and structuring tools are keys to assessing the business situation. Risk and value trade-offs are made explicit, leading to concrete proposals to add value and reduce risk. Explicit plans for action, including effective planning need to be developed by Tesco as the strategic alternative. Piercy and Morgan (1990, pg. 2) state: In short, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..reality the marketing executive faces is that implementing plans and strategies successfully is often d

The Godfather :: Film Review,Coppola, The Gangsters

Francis Ford Coppola’s The Godfather (1972) is among the best films ever produced. Consistently ranked as one of the top three films by the American Film institute, this gangster film sits among the likes of Citizen Kane (1941), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), and the more recent Schindler’s List (1993) (American). When it was released, The Godfather was nominated for ten Academy Awards, and won three: Best Picture, Best Actor (Marlon Brando), and Best Adapted Screenplay. The film was adapted from the best-selling novel, with the same name, by Mario Puzo (Mast & Kawin, 332). The film takes place in a ten-year span between 1945 and 1955. It follows the Sicilian family headed by Vito Corleone who is played by Marlon Brando; Corleone is also the godfather or head of the Corleone Crime Family. Coppola’s film is not the first big screen version of a gangster film: Scarface (1933), The Public Enemy (1931), and Little Caesar (1931) are all pre-production code gangster films, but American Movie Classics’ Tim Dirks believes The Godfather â€Å"reinvented the gangster genre† (Dirks). Still, The Godfather’s has many similarities to pre-production code gangster films especially with its use of violence, and its portrayal of corruption of both the gangsters and the ‘good guys.’ The gangster films of the 30s and 40s had all but disappeared until The Godfather revived the genre. These films were not new to Hollywood: The Public Enemy (1931), Little Caesar (1930), and Scarface (1932), but the production code put an end to the style of the early gangster classics. Two production code principles for films made during its time, 1934-1967, were that â€Å"No picture should lower the moral standards of those who see it†¦the audience should never be thrown to the side of crime, wrongdoing, evil or sin† and â€Å"[l]aw [†¦] must not be belittled, ridiculed, nor must a sentiment be created against it† (The Production code). These principles along with the film noir era essentially ended the way gangster films were made. Following the enforcement of the code, the focus shifted from the gangsters to the ‘good guys’ (Dirks). David Stirritt, film critic for the Christian Science Monitor, says Coppola’s film â€Å"revived the ga ngster genre† (Dirks). This revival helped other gangster films to make it to the big screen: Martin Scorsese's Goodfellas (1991) and Casino (1995), and Mike Newell’s Donnie Brasco (1997). The similarities between The Godfather and early gangster films are evident when they are compared.

Provinces of the Philippines and Spanish Influence Origin Essay

A dance performed by lovely young  ladies carrying scented fans and flirts with  young men with canes and straw hats. Ladies dances their way to the heart of the men they desire through the use of a fan. Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) * BANOG TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Ifugao This dance depicts hunters protecting their hen and  chicks in Binaylan from a hungry hawk. The hunters trap the hawk and kill it in the end. Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Benguet This is a circle dance, which is being performed to celebrate the  arrival of successfulheadhunters. It is also popularly known as  Bendian.   Lubuagan, Kalingga The homecoming of triumphant head hunters after a  successful kayaw of  headhunting, done to avenge the death or evil done to a family member or relative is celebrated with the playing of special gongs called gangsa. The minger or successful warriors are honoured by their female relatives with  gift of feather of lawi,beads or bongon and colorful g-string s  called ba-ag. Victory songs are sung by  the by the villagers while the minger dance with closed fists while the bodan or the unsuccessful members of the headhunting group are demoted to  playing the gangsas.

Career Essay

Career Essay Career Essay What distinguishes emotional thinking from systematic? What type of thinking should students use while writing career essays? Very often students emotions become motives for action or satisfaction of the needs or wants. The stronger the emotion, the more clearly is it associated with behavior and with motivation. If you want to write career research paper as an arguer, you should understand something of these emotional states and motivative drives. Hunger drives us to food; fear, to flight or resistance; anger, to personal or international wars; desire, to have a good mark for career goals and learning plan essay, career ambition essay or career essay 5 paragraph Career Essay Writer The emotional career essay writer, as thinker, in his language and mental processes, is typically a poor thinker. In language usage, for example, he/she is abstract, verbose, inaccurate, often colorful and bombastic. His/her sentence structure is complicated and dramatic. His/her "definitions" are loose, equivocal, framed to echo his biases. He/she usually substitutes assertion for fact; embellishes or distorts facts to support his drives and motives. He/she ignores authorities or selects those that coincide with his prejudices. His/her "evidence" is inconsistent and partial. He/she generalizes from few instances and ignores negative cases. His/her analogies are graphic but misleading. He/she thinks in "absolutes" and moves easily from one ill-supported premise to another equally untenable. All is couched in "allness" terminology and pseudo logic. He/she is given to name calling, appeals to tradition, humor, and fear. He/she eulogizes and denounces. He/she rationalizes, i.e., talks to a conclusion arbitrarily held previously and determined by his wants and hopes alone. Such college essay writer is merely ignorant, creating infantile argument and succumbing to the propaganda or specious argument that appeals to his wishes. College Career Essay Writing Such form of writing is 100% inappropriate for good career essay writing. College essay writer should avoid all features enumerated above. Attractive career essay must reflect your emotional state in the clear and bright form. Thus, if you find you can not keep your emotions while writing academic essay, we are ready to help you with your career essay assignment. Custom written career essay is deprived of emotional judgments. It is written strictly according to high academic standards. To prove your position, the competent writer uses only strong arguments and logical reasoning. All the instruction you provide us with is put in the process of custom writing process. We are always in touch with you in the case something is not clear. Read also: Womens Rights Essay Pride and Prejudice Essay Lord of the Flies Essay Law Essay Essay Example on Cause of Crime

21 Subtle Signs Your Coworkers Hate You

21 Subtle Signs Your Coworkers Hate You Are you secretly (or not so secretly) afraid that your coworkers hate you? Plenty of people will make this painfully clear, but there are people who give off much subtler signs. Rather than dwelling on the angst, why not ask yourself whether your coworkers are showing, through their behavior and their comments, their dislike for you? Here are 21 subtle signs you might need a personality makeover at work (or a new batch of coworkers).1. Your gut says soIt could just be in your head, but it could also be true. If you have a particularly grumpy or nasty coworker, but you notice they aren’t being grumpy or nasty to anyone else, that might be a sign to trust your instinct. If you have a strong feeling, listen to it!2. They take credit for your workIf someone goes out of their way to steal the credit for your ideas, and they don’t do that with anyone else? Problem.3. They won’t maintain eye contactWhen you dislike someone, it’s painful to look at them, right? Yo u’re constantly afraid your look will convey the underlying hostility. If you notice a colleague avoiding your eyes, this is a possible reason why.4. They never smile near youLet alone at you. When you’re around, you feel like you have personally rained on their parade. They’re usually very chipper, just never with you.5. They’re snippyAgain, people can have bad moods and days and be generally snippy, but if you notice this happens mostly to you and almost all the time? Red flag.6. They exclude youYour colleague makes a ton of jokes and banter about the office, but you never seem to be able to wiggle your way into it. If you’re not part of the inner circle or the team, there might be a reason.7. They avoid youYour coworker practically dives into the elevator when he sees you coming, or ducks around the corner, or takes a break as soon as you arrive†¦well, the writing is on the wall.8. They spread rumorsYou’ve heard a few rumors about yo urself and they all trace back to one person†¦yeah,  there’s a very good chance that person just doesn’t like you.9. They play bossThis person is not your boss. You might even be on the same level. But they constantly try to wield unauthorized power over you. That suggests, at very least, that they find themselves superior to you in some important way.10. They don’t acknowledge youYou walk into the room and say â€Å"good morning† and everyone else says â€Å"good morning† back†¦except him.11. You never get the inviteYour coworker is constantly inviting people out to happy hours or coffees or lunches, but you never make the list.12. You pick up on bad body languageIf you catch little eye rolls here and there, or other prickly body language like arms crossed over the chest, you can sometimes read the truth in how your coworker feels about you through these cues.13. They’re defensiveYour coworker get super defensive in your presenc e. This can indicate a lack of trust, intimidation, or deeper dislike. Add it to the list.14. They don’t talk to youYou sit five feet from this person, but they never communicate with you except by email. That’s a good sign they’re trying to limit your in-person contact.15. You’re met with a chorus of â€Å"no†Your coworker(s) is always disagreeing with you. Shooting down your every idea- sometimes even before you can get the whole thing out. Ask yourself, does he/she do that with anybody else?16. They’re cliqueyIf your office has started to feel like high school and your coworker like a mean girl that bullies you, then that’s a good sign something is off in your dynamic.17. They never ask about youYour colleagues are always talking about their hobbies, families, weekend plans. Just not around you.18. You’re always on the back burnerYour concerns and needs and projects continually take a back seat. The most important things to your job performance are never prioritized by your team. Bad sign.19. You get thrown under the busIf you’re getting tattled upon, turned in, blamed for things†¦ that’s never good. There’s a good chance your disgruntled coworker is trying to get you fired.20. They encourage you to leaveIf a coworker keeps insinuating that there might be a perfect position for you somewhere else, and that you’d be â€Å"so much happier or more successful† there, that’s a great sign they’re trying to get rid of you.21. There’s no trustIf you can tell you’re on a need-to-know basis when you shouldn’t be, or that your motives are being questioned, then this is a big sign that there’s a rift.Once you figure out the verdict, you’ll have a chance to alter your behavior and right the situation. It’s always best to have your colleagues on your side. Be sensitive to their needs and wants and you’ll be much ha ppier at work yourself.

The negative effects of illegal drug use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The negative effects of illegal drug use - Essay Example Almost one-quarter of these teenagers reported that they had participated in unprotected sex as a result of drug or alcohol use. It is important to note that alcohol is a powerful drug and illegal to minors putting it into the illegal drug category with respect to teenage use. Teens 14 and under who drink or use drugs are more likely to be having sex at double the rate of those in this age group that do not. High school teenagers that use alcohol are seven times more likely to have sex than their non-drinking peers. Older teens that drink are seven times as likely to have intercourse as non-drinking teens and those that use other drugs five times as likely. Drug and alcohol using teenagers are three and five times, respectively, more likely to have multiple sexual partners (Hartge, 1999). Teenagers experience more emotional fluctuations than do younger children or an adult which explains why the suicide rate is higher in that group. Teenagers that use drugs and alcohol are more likely to attempt suicide. According to a study of teenagers that attempted suicide, alcohol and drug abuse was the most frequently shared characteristic. Of the teenagers that took their own life, 70 per cent were frequent users of drugs and/or alcohol. However, current research does not demonstrate that drug and alcohol use actually instigates suicide, just that these behaviors are connected.   Teenagers that experience emotional problems to a higher degree than others have a greater propensity to consider suicide and to use drugs. (Shaffer et al, 1996). Illegal substances most frequently linked with drug-related fatalities include opiates such as heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and barbiturates. Alcohol, particularly when used in combination with harder drugs, is also linked with drug-related deaths. Cannabis and hallucinogens (i.e.

Reaction Paper on Geraldine Brookss The Year of Wonders Essay

Reaction Paper on Geraldine Brookss The Year of Wonders - Essay Example This essay discusses that the contaminated articles and clothes of the tailor were not initially destroyed because of lack scientific knowledge. Eleanor and Michael reveal marriage secrets to Anna. Bradford family faces Mo mp hellion's wrath because they ran away, as they had the means to do so like any other noble family. Rector’s secret shadows fall on the nobility of his work. Anna goes through a mental and spiritual unraveling and almost attains a rebirth. All female characters, Lib, Anna, Gowdies, Anna’s stepmother all show the enormous strength of character. Those were the days when antibiotics have not been invented, though science was receiving royal patronage. Methods of disinfection were not well-known even in London and this fear of infection drove Londoners to inhuman methods during the plague. Fear and superstition and survival made them merciless. Other than burning the infected material, there were hardly any alternatives of infection. Written in modern a nd fluid style, not dull or tedious, the book maintains uncanny optimism despite the prevailing grimness, ‘how fear drove ordinary people first into superstition and then into primeval brutality’. It also shows that human nature does not change while knowledge does. The village is in stark contrast with the treatment London gave to its sick, locking them up with the healthy in their houses, sealing the houses without water or food, and according to Samuel Pepys, ‘making us cruel as dogs to one another’. London was gripped by the fear of unknown.

Service Encounter Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Service Encounter Journal - Assignment Example The service is easily accessible and the customer chooses on the basis of his requirements but the stock is limited at times and one has to choose from the products available. Moreover the shipping costs are high. My reaction was normal. I needed the bed and I got one but the bidding procedure irritated me. I was somewhat satisfied but was worried of the extra shipping cost I had to incur. However the exchange terms were good. I am undecided about my return decision as it depends upon the urgency of my requirement. If I felt to buy something without taking the trouble of going to a shop, I may search the product at ebay. However, my decision to buy may involve the cost at home and the cost at any retail shop. The more preferable would be the one that offers less cost with more attractive replacement package. My encounter with Adobe Inc. was an above average contact service. I had to go through some pdf files while my adobe reader got corrupted. I instantly typed the web site and searched for the required software. I got it instantly and free of cost. I felt glad and overwhelmed by the fact that if I encounter any problem with adobe I can have the solution instantly. The website offers superior customer service by segregating different types of customers and providing relevant software. My satisfaction resulted due to the fact the most commonly needed software like adobe reader are provided without any cost. It’s a fact that no operating system can operate fully without adobe softwares. Whether it is Photoshop, flash work or pdf files, we need the product but the most overwhelming feeling results due to the fact that all of them are so easily accessible and the most common are offered free of cost. So there is no question of not visiting the site when one needs any of its software. I think it’s the first choice and most probably the last too. My encounter to Valvoline was a below average contact service. Whenever

Psychology in Silence of the Lambs Essay Example for Free

Psychology in Silence of the Lambs Essay The Silence of the Lambs 1991 Director Jonathan Demme Writer Thomas Harris Cinematographer Tak Fujimoto Jodie Foster Clarice Starling Anthony Hopkins Dr. Hannibal Lecter AKA Hannibal the Cannibal Scott Glenn -Jack Crawford Ted Levine -Jame Gumb AKA Buffalo Bill Theme can be defined as a central insight. According to the authors of The Art of Watching Films, a theme in a literary work or film should be universal and should be one that challenges people (Boggs Petric, 2008). The Silence of the Lambs shows that peoples search for peace is universal. We see characters from all walks of life searching for peace. There is Clarice Starling, an FBI agent in training, Dr. Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist incarcerated for murder and cannibalism, and Jame Gumb, AKA Buffalo Bill, a man driven to murder by his sexual identity crises. Each of these characters, in their own ways, search for peace throughout the film. (Demme, 1991) Clarice Starling, portrayed by Jodie Foster, is seen as the main character. She begins a sort of friendship with Dr. Hannibal Lecter, portrayed by Anthony Hopkins, hen she is assigned to question him on the Buffalo Bill murder case. The two have much in common because they are both ostracized by society and both are searching for peace. Dr. Lecter is imprisoned and shunned by society for committing acts of cannibalism. Clarice is shunned in her own society because she is a woman in the FBI. We see her strive for peace and acceptance in this predominantly male society. We also see her struggle to find peace with her past. There are two scenes in the film that best depict Clarices search for peace. Ebert, 2001) The first scene where we see Clarice struggle to find peace in the world she wishes to inhabit is the one where she and her male boss, Crawford, go to examine the body of one of Buffalo Bills victims. Crawford suggests to a male officer that they shouldnt discuss the crime in front of a woman, Clarice. A close up of Crawford and the officer whispering and staring at Clarice is seen from her pe rspective. We as viewers see what she sees. We are brought into the film and we feel awkward Just as she does. This is an example of suture. Suture is the way a film maker draws us in. We, the viewers, become stitched into the fabric of the story (University of Wisconsin, 2013). Director Jonathan Demmes camera techniques compel us to adopt Clarices point of view above all others. We are accustomed to seeing things as she would see them. So when the direct angle changes and we are forced to look at Clarice head on in this scene, it us unnerving. As Crawtord and the officer look at ner wit n the eyes ot the audience, we feel the same anxiety she feels while being examined by the men around her. The next scene where we see Clarice search for peace, is the one in hich she discusses the films titular line. She is questioning Dr. Lecter, trying to gain some knowledge that can help her locate Buffalo Bills next victim, Catherine Martin. Hannibal agrees to answer the questions, but only if she reveals information about her childhood. Clarice recounts the story of living on a farm and being awakened by awful screaming. When she goes to investigate the noise, she sees lambs being led to slaughter. Her instinct is to free them, but they wont move. In vain, she tries to carry one away but it is too heavy for her. She cant save it. Dr. Lecter says to her; mfou still wake up sometimes, dont you? You wake up in the dark and hear the screaming of the lambs. Clarice admits this is true. He then continues; And you think if you save poor Catherine, you could make them stop, dont you? You think if Catherine lives, you wont wake up in the dark ever again to that awful screaming of the lambs(Demme, 1991). Clarice claims she doesnt know and it is possible she truly doesnt, but we can see in her face that wants it to be true. We see the pain in her ace and her desire to be released from the screaming and find peace. Director Jonathan Demme lets us connect with the characters by shattering the fourth wall. He positions the camera so Clarice is essentially talking to the audience in extreme close up shots. This technique instills her anguish into the audience. Clarice then becomes more demanding, asking for the killers name but before Hannibal can answer Dr. Frederick Chilton informs her its time to go. She is nearly dragged out of the room, but breaks free to run back to Hannibals cage and retrieve her case files. The visual style up to this point in the scene has been dark, but when Clarice rushes to the cage, there is light illuminating Hannibal. Clarice running towards this light represents her search for peace. She is hoping the clues left by Dr. Lecter in the case files will enable her to catch the killer, save the kidnapped girl, and stop the lambs from screaming. The Silence of the Lambs is traditionally considered a horror film. However, it is more than that. It is a great reference to sociology because it touches on so many topics important to people (Kim, 2010). Throughout the movie we see motifs of transformation and gender roles, but it is the theme of searching for peace that really speaks to us. This type of film serves the purpose of making us look inward. It forces us to identify our fears and what we are willing to do in order to find our own peace in the end. The theme is evident in the writing, but it is the vision, the use of dark and light, and camera techniques of director Jonathan Demme that truly bring it to focus. Reterences (2013). What is Suture? University of Wisconsin.

Introduction Why Use OPNET Modeler Computer Science Essay

Introduction Why Use OPNET Modeler Computer Science Essay OPNET Modeler is a very good tool for network designing and simulation. OPNET Modeler was selected because most of the wired and wireless network components are available in the OPNET 15.0 Modeler. In this version a number of different models can be created to simulate, analyze and compare their results. This chapter explains how the different wired and wireless network has been designed and simulated in OPNET Modeler. In this project different scenario for Ethernet, DSL, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX in two different projects has been created in OPNET Modeler 15.0 . There is also a comparison between the wired and wireless networks. The Ethernet network is compared with the Wi-Fi network and the DSL network is compared with the WiMAX network. Overview of OPNET Modeler OPNET stands for Optimized Network Engineering Tool. The OPNET Modeler is a very powerful tool for the network modeling and simulation. The purpose of the OPNET Modeler is to optimize cost, efficiency, performance, viability and scalability characteristics of the network. In addition OPNET Modeler has a huge library of nodes(fixed, mobile or satellite), links(simplex, duplex, wired or wireless), and subnets, which are used to design and simulate network configuration, protocols, traffic and end user applications. OPNET Modeler has three hierarchical levels or editors. These are Project Editor Project editor is also known as network editor. The project editor is the key staging area for modeling a network simulation. In the project editor a network can be created by using the nodes, link, and subnets from the standard library, then select statistics, run the simulation and view the results of the network. FIGURE: Node Editor To built models of nodes the node editor is used. Node editor specifies the internal structure of the network node. The node includes workstations, satellite terminals, switches, and remote sensors. The OPNET node has a modular structure. The packets and status information are exchanged between modules which are connected via packet streams or statistic wires. Every module performs specific function, such as generating packets, processing packets, transmitting and receiving packets or queuing packets. FIGURE Process Editor The process editor is used to design process models, which controls the basic functionality of node models generated in the node editor. The process models are represented by Finite State Machines (FSMs). The FSMs are generated with icons, which show states and lines which shows transitions between states. The process models are expressed in C or C++ language. Figure In this chapter four different scenarios are discussed. These are Scenario1: Ethernet Network Model In this scenario a new wired network for Ethernet is created in OPNET Modeler as shown in figure. This scenario is created for campus network. In this scenario seven workstations are connected to the switch. With the help of a router the switch is connected to the server. The switch is connected to the router which is connected to the server. Ethernet links are used to connect all these nodes with each other. The server provides different applications used for the workstations. For this network model we also need to define the applications and profiles by adding a node for the application and profile. The workstations are associated with the profiles in order to use different applications. H:snapshots 1ETHERNET.bmp Figure Ethernet Network Model The nodes used in this scenario is Node Name Description Applications Profiles Server Router Switch Workstation How to configure Nodes The configuration of each node is as follow Application Configuration The application configuration is the most important node in the network design. By default the application configuration has a maximum of sixteen services, which are supported by the OPNET Modeler. These are http, ftp, e-mail, print etc. In this scenario the default services are selected as shown in the figure To configure the application node right click on it, select Edit Attributes a dialogue box will open. Change the name field value to application. Expand the Application Definitions row, select the default option while left other setting at default as shown in the figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET APPLICATIN CONFIG.bmp Figure: Ethernet Application Configuration Profile Configuration The profile configuration allows us to define a user or a group of user to the application services supported by the network. For this scenario one profile is defined namely shahid. The profile node can be configured by expanding the profile configuration row. Define the profile namely shahid also define the applications and change the operation mode to simultaneous while left the other setting at default as shown in figure To configure the profile configuration right click on it, select Edit Attributes a dialogue box will appear. Change the name field value to profiles. Expand the profile configuration row, select edit. Then define the profile namely shahid also define the applications and change the operation mode to simultaneous while left the other setting at default as shown in figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET PROFILE CONFIG2.bmp Figure: Ethernet Profile Configuration Server Configuration The server can generate the applications traffic such as http, ftp, e-mail, print etc. This traffic can be sent to the workstations with the help of router and switch which are connected through Ethernet links. In the server configuration, three applications supported services were defined namely http, ftp, and e-mail while all other settings are left at default as shown in figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET SERVER.bmp Figure Ethernet Server Configuration Workstation Configuration The workstation can also generate the applications traffic, which can be sent to the server through the network to the server. The workstation can be configured by selecting the Application Supported Profiles namely shahid while left all the other parameters at default as shown in the figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET WKSTN CONFIG.bmp Figure: Ethernet Workstation Configuration Router and Switch The functions of both the router and switch are almost the same. Both are forwarding the traffic to the end nodes. The router and switch are connected to each other through Ethernet link. Scenario2: WLAN Network Model In scenario 2 a wireless network model for WLAN is created in OPNET Modeler as shown in figure. This scenario is also created for the campus network. This scenario is similar to scenario1 with slight changes. In scenario2 the switch of scenario 1 is replaced with the wireless access point (AP) and also the workstations are replaced with the wireless LAN workstations. The main function of the wireless access point is to transmit and receive the wireless signals. The access point is connected to the router which is then connected to the server through Ethernet link as shown in figure. C:Usersshahid aliDesktopUntitlrgregreeddfgdfg.png Figure: WLAN Network Model The nodes used in scenario2 is Node Name Description Applications Profiles Server Router Wireless Access Point Wireless LAN Workstations The configuration of all the nodes except the wireless access point (AP) and wireless workstations are the same which are discussed in scenario1. The configuration of the wireless access point (AP) and the wireless workstations are as follow. Wireless access point (AP) configuration The wireless access point (AP) transmits and receives the wireless signals. The wireless access point can be configured by expanding the wireless LAN parameters. The access point functionality should be enabled so that this node can transmit the wireless signals. The BSS Identifier value is set to 0. If there is another wireless access point (AP) in the network then its BSS Identifier value must be different. The other setting is left at default as shown in figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)WLAN AP CONFIG.bmp Figure: WLAN Wireless Access Point (AP) Configuration Workstation configuration The workstation configuration is the same as the workstation configuration in scenario1. But in this scenario the BSS identifier value for the workstations is also defined. The BSS Identifier value is set to 0. This value must be the same as the wireless access point BSS Identifier value. The access point functionality is disabled for the workstations. The remaining settings are left at default as shown in figure. H:SNAPSHOT22)WLAN WKSTN APLICATION AND WIRELASS CONFIG.bmp Figure: WLAN Workstations Configuration Scenario3: DSL Network Model In this scenario a wired network model is created for the DSL using the OPNET Modeler. In this scenario four workstations are connected to the switch through the Ethernet links. The switch is connected to DSL modem. The DSL modem is connected to the DSLAM via the DSL links. The type of DSL used for this scenario is Asymmetric DSL (ADSL). The ADSL has a high downstream data rate than the upstream data rate. The function of the DSLAM is to linked several users to the high speed backbone network. The DSL modem is used to send and receive signals. The DSL modem has internal signal splitter that carries voice signal on the low frequencies and carries data signal above that frequencies. With the help of IP cloud the DSLAM is connected to the server via the PPP link. The figure shows the DSL network model. C:Usersshahid aliDesktopSHANPSHOT33DSL.bmp Figure: DSL Network Model The nodes and links used in scenario3 are Node/Link Name Description Applications Profiles Server Router Switch Workstation IP Cloud DSLAM DSL modem PPP Link DSL Link Ethernet Link The configuration of each node and applications taken for this scenario is the same as discussed in scenario1 and scenario2. For scenario3 the profile name is different, here the profile name is SHAH. Scenario4: WiMAX Network Model In scenario4 a wireless network model for the WiMAX is created using OPNET Modeler. This scenario is the same to scenario3 but there is a slight changes. A new node is added for the WiMAX configuration. Without this node the WiMAX network will not work. In this scenario the DSL modem is replaced with the WiMAX basestation, the switch is replaced with the subscriber station and the workstations are replaced with the wireless workstations. The WiMAX basestation will transmits the wireless signal over a long distance. The subscriber station which is found at the costumer site receives this signal, which is then sent to the wireless workstations. The subscriber station and the WiMAX basestation communicate through air interface-. The WiMAX basestation is communicating to the server through the ip cloud and router via PPP link. The figure shows WiMAX network model. C:Usersshahid aliDesktopSHANPSHOT33WIMAX.bmp Figure: WiMAX Network Model The nodes and links used for scenario4 are Node/Link Name Description Applications Profiles Wimax config Server Router Ip cloud WiMAX basestation Subscriber station Workstation Link